เธซเธฅเธฒเธขเธ„เธ™ เน‚เธ—เธฃเธกเธฒเธ›เธฃเธถเธเธฉเธฒเธงเนˆเธฒเธˆเธฐเธˆเธฑเธ”เธเธฒเธฃเนเธ‚เนˆเธ‡เธ‚เธฑเธ™
เนเธฅเน‰เธง เน€เธˆเธญเธ›เธฑเธเธซเธฒ เธเธฃเธ“เธต เธ—เธตเนˆ เธกเธตเธ„เธฐเนเธ™เธ™ เน€เธ—เนˆเธฒเธเธฑเธ™ เธˆเธฐเนƒเธŠเน‰เนˆเน€เธ„เธฃเธทเนˆเธญเธ‡เธกเธทเธญเนƒเธ”
เน€เธ›เน‡เธ™เธ•เธฑเธงเธŠเธตเน‰เธงเธฑเธ”

เนƒเธซเน‰เธจเธถเธเธฉเธฒเนเธฅเธฐเธซเธฒเธญเนˆเธฒเธ™เน„เธ”เน‰เธ—เธตเน‰เนˆ
http://www.arbitri.lombardiascacchi.com/handbook/handbook.asp-level=C0611.htm

1

เธขเธเธ•เธฑเธงเธญเธขเนˆเธฒเธ‡เน€เธŠเนˆเธ™ เธ‡เธฒเธ™ เธฃเธงเธกเธžเธฅเธ„เธ™เธฃเธฑเธเธฉเนŒเธซเธกเธฒเธเธฃเธธเธเน„เธ—เธข เธ„เธฃเธฑเน‰เธ‡เธ—เธต 2 เนƒเธŠเน‰ TieBreak เน€เธ›เน‡เธ™เธ•เธฑเธงเธŠเธตเน‰ เธงเธฑเธ” เธ‹เธถเนˆเธ‡เธ•เธฃเธ‡เนƒเธ™เธเธฑเธš
เธ„เธนเนˆเธกเธทเธญ เน€เธฅเธข

ndividual Swiss Systems (most players are not rated):

Direct encounter
Buchholz
Sonneborn-Berger
Won games

2

เธšเธฒเธ‡เธ—เนˆเธฒเธ™เน€เธ›เธดเธ”เธญเนˆเธฒเธ™เน„เนˆเธกเนˆเน„เธ”เน‰
เธญเนˆเธฒเธ™เธ•เธฃเธ‡เธ™เธตเน‰ เน€เธฅเธขเธ„เธฃเธฑเธš

Annex to the FIDE Tournament Regulations

Approved by the 1998 General Assembly.
1.

Handling of unplayed games

To avoid improper influence of unplayed games on the ranking these games shall be counted as follows
:

Independently of the result of an unplayed game (win by Bye, win or loss by forfeit, no game because
the player has withdrawn or was absent for some round(s)) for reasons of tiebreak, the result shall
be counted as a Draw against the player himself.

This will have no influence on the Sum of Progressive Score or Koya System. In these Systems only
the result counts.
2.

List of commonly used Tiebreak Rules

In all Systems the players shall be ranked in descending order of the respective Tiebreak System.
Within the following list there is no intention expressing an order of priority.
2.1

Tiebreak Rules using the Player's own results
2.1.1

Sum of Progressive Scores

after each round a player has a certain tournament score. These scores are added to the total Sum of
Progressive Scores.
2.1.1.1

Sum of Progressive Score Cuts

is the Sum of Progressive Scores reduced by the tournament score of one or more rounds, starting
with the first round.
2.1.2

Matchpoints in Team Competitions

2 points for a won match (a team has scores more points than half the number of boards a team should
have)

1 point for a drawn match (a team has scored the same number as the number of boards a team should
have)

0 points for a lost match (a team has scored less points than half the number of boards a team
should have).
2.1.3

The Koya System for Round Robin Tournaments

This is the number of points achieved against all opponents who have achieved 50 % or more.
2.1.3.1

The Koya System extended

The Koya System may be extended step by step to include score groups with less than 50 %
2.1.4

Direct Encounter

If all tied players have met each other, the sum of points from these encounters will decide.
2.1.5

Number of games won
2.2

Tiebreak Rules using the Results of Opponents
2.2.1

The Buchholz System
2.2.1.1

The Buchholz Score is the sum of the score of each of the opponents of a player
2.2.1.2

The Median Buchholz 1

is the Buchholz Score reduced by the highest and the lowest score of the opponents.
2.2.1.3

The Median Buchholz 2

is the Buchholz Score reduced by the two highest and the two lowest scores of the opponents
2.2.1.4

The Buchholz Cut 1

is the Buchholz Score reduced by the lowest score of the opponents
2.2.1.5

The Buchholz Cut 2

is the Buchholz Score reduced by the two lowest scores of the opponents
2.2.1.6

The Sum of Buchholz is the sum of the Buchholz Scores of the opponents
2.2.2

The Sonneborn-Berger System
2.2.2.1

Sonneborn-Berger for Individual Tournaments

is the sum of the opponents a player has defeated and half the scores of the players he has drawn
with.
2.2.2.2

Sonneborn-Berger for Team Tournaments 1

is the sum of the scores of the opponents teams, each multiplied by the scores achieved against this
opponent team
2.3

Tiebreak Rules using Ratings
2.3.1

The Average Rating of Opponents

is the sum of the ratings of the opponents of a player divided by the number of rounds.
2.3.1.1

The average Rating Cuts

is the Average Rating of Opponents reduced by one or more of the ratings of the opponents, started
from the lowest rated opponent.
2.3.2

Tournament Performance Ratings (including the 350 points rule)
3.

Application of Tiebreak System to different Tournament systems

The choice of the Tiebreak System to be used in a tournament shall be decided in advance taking into
account the type of the tournament (Swiss, Round Robin, Teams, etc.) and the special structure of
players to be expected in the tournament. For instance the applicaton of Tiebreak rules using the
ratings of players is dubious in tournaments where the ratings are not available or not consistent
or not necessarely correct (e.g. Junior/Senior tournaments)

Only one type of the three categories described above should be used for a given event.

For example : a) Sum of Progressive Score + b) Buchholz would be incorrect.

For different types of tournaments the Tiebreak Rules are recommended as listed below :

Individual Round Robin Tournaments:

direct encounter
Koya System
Sonneborn-Berger
Number of won games


Team Round Robin System:

Games points
Match points
Direct encounter
Sonneborn-Berger


Individual Swiss Systems (all players have consistent ratings):

Average rating of opponents
Tournament Performance Rating


Individual Swiss Systems (most players are mostly rated, ratings are not consistent):

Direct encounter
Sum of progressive scores
Buchholz
Sonneborn-Berger
Won games


Individual Swiss Systems (most players are not rated):

Direct encounter
Buchholz
Sonneborn-Berger
Won games


Team Swiss Systems :

Games points
Match points
Direct encounter
Buchholz
Sonneborn-Berger