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[ āļāļĨāļąāļāļŦāļāđāļēāļŦāļĨāļąāļ ]
āļāļāđāļāļīāļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļļāļāļŠāļēāļāļĨāļŊ āđāļŠāļēāļĢāđ 20 āļĄāļ āļāļĩāđ
āļāļāđāļāļīāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļīāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļļāļāļŠāļēāļāļĨāđāļŦāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ āđāļāđāļēāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄāđāļŦāļāđāļ§āļīāļŠāļēāļĄāļąāļāļāļĢāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđ 1 āļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļāļĩ āļ.āļĻ.2550
āđāļāļ§āļąāļāđāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļāļĩāđ 20 āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļāļĄ 2550 āđāļ§āļĨāļē 10.00 āļ. āļ āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđāđāļŦāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ āļāļąāđāļ 11 āļŦāđāļāļ 1109
āđāļāļĒāļĄāļĩāļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļŠāļģāļāļąāļ āļāļ·āļ
1. āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļāļļāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ
āđāļāļ§āļēāļĢāļ°āļāļīāļāļĩāļāļķāđāļāļāļĩāđāļŦāļĄāđ āļāļĻ. 2550 āļāļĩāđ āļāļāđāļŦāđāļāđāļēāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļŠāļļāļāļāļ§āļēāļĄāđāļāļĢāļīāļāļāļĨāļāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļĩ
āļāļīāļāļŦāļ§āļąāļāļŠāļīāđāļāđāļāļāļāđāļŦāđāļŠāļĄāļāļ§āļēāļĄāļāļĢāļēāļĢāļāļāļē
āļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļļāļāļŠāļēāļāļĨāđāļŦāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ
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āđāļāļĒ : FunMate  [ 08/01/2007, 16:51:59 ] |
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āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāđāļŦāļāļļ:
1. āđāļĢāļīāđāļĄāļĨāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļ§āļĨāļē 9.30 āļ.
2. āđāļāļāļāļĩāđāļāļāļāļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđ
http://www.set.or.th/th/about/map/map_p1.html
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| āđāļāļĒ : FunMate [ 08/01/2007, 16:55:02 ] |
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āļāđāļēāļ§āļāļļāļāļāļīāļ āļāļēāļāļāļāļĨāļąāļĄāļāđāđāļāļīāļāļāļąāļ§āđāļāļĄāđāļāļ āļŦāļāļąāļāļŠāļ·āļāļāļīāļĄāļāđ Post Today āļāļāļąāļāļ§āļąāļāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđ 9 āļĄāļ 50
http://www.posttoday.com/newsdet.php?sec=magazine&id=141668
āļāļēāļĒāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ - āđāļĄāļ·āđāļāļāļģāđāļŦāļāđāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŦāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļļāļāļŠāļēāļāļĨāđāļŦāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒāļāđāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļĨāļ āļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļēāļāļāļĩāđ āļ§āļīāđāļāļ āļāļąāļāļāļīāļ§āļēāļāļīāļ
āđāļŦāđāļāļāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđ āđāļāđāļāļđāđāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āđāļŦāđāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļāļąāļāļŠāļāļļāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļĄāļēāļāļĨāļāļ 2 āļāļĩ āļĨāđāļēāļŠāļļāļ āļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāđāļāđāļāļēāļāļāļēāļĄ
āļāļĢ.āļāļąāļāļāļāļĩāļĢāđ āļĻāļļāļ āļĄāļāļāļĨ āđāļŦāđāļĨāļāļŠāļĄāļąāļāļĢāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄ āđāļāļ·āđāļāļŠāļēāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļĨāđāļ§ āļāļēāļāļāļĩāđāļĄāļĩāļĨāļļāđāļ āđāļāļĢāļēāļ°āļ āļĢāļĢāļĒāļē
āļāđāđāļāđāļāļāļāļĩāļāđāļāļĄāļāđāļŦāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļļāļāđāļŦāļĄāļ·āļāļāļāļąāļ āļĒāļīāđāļāļāļ§āđāļēāļāļąāđāļāļāļĢāļąāđāļāļāļĩāđ
āļāļĢ.āļāļąāļāļāļāļĩāļĢāđāļāļĢāļ°āļŠāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāļīāđāļŦāļāļļāļāļāļāđāļāđāļāļ§āļąāļĒāļĢāļļāđāļāđāļāļāđāļēāļāđāļāļ
āļāļļāļāđāļĄāđāļāđāļāļļāļĄāđāļāđāļĄāđāļŦāđāļāļķāļāļŦāļĄāļēāļāļĢāļļāļāđāļāļ·āđāļāļĨāļąāļāļŠāļĄāļāļāđāļĨāļ°āļāļķāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļīāđāļāđāļāļāļąāļ§ |
| āđāļāļĒ : FunMate [ 09/01/2007, 13:52:14 ] |
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What is air pollution?
ÂIÂll go out for a breath of fresh air is an often-heard phrase. But how many of us realize that
this has become irrelevant in todayÂs world, because the quality of air in our cities is anything
but fresh.
The moment you step out of the house and are on the road you can actually see the air getting
polluted; a cloud of smoke from the exhaust of a bus, car, or a scooter; smoke billowing from a
factory chimney, flyash generated by thermal power plants, and speeding cars causing dust to rise
from the roads. Natural phenomena such as the eruption of a volcano and even someone smoking a
cigarette can also cause air pollution.
Air pollution is aggravated because of four developments: increasing traffic, growing cities, rapid
economic development, and industrialization. The Industrial Revolution in Europe in the 19th century
saw the beginning of air pollution as we know it today, which has gradually become a global
problem.
Air and its major pollutants
One of the formal definitions of air pollution is as follows  ÂThe presence in the atmosphere of
one or more contaminants in such quality and for such duration as is injurious, or tends to be
injurious, to human health or welfare, animal or plant life. It is the contamination of air by the
discharge of harmful substances. Air pollution can cause health problems and it can also damage the
environment and property. It has caused thinning of the protective ozone layer of the atmosphere,
which is leading to climate change.
Modernisation and progress have led to air getting more and more polluted over the years.
Industries, vehicles, increase in the population, and urbanization are some of the major factors
responsible for air pollution. The following industries are among those that emit a great deal of
pollutants into the air: thermal power plants, cement, steel, refineries, petro chemicals, and
mines.
Air pollution results from a variety of causes, not all of which are within human control. Dust
storms in desert areas and smoke from forest fires and grass fires contribute to chemical and
particulate pollution of the air. The source of pollution may be in one country but the impact of
pollution may be felt elsewhere. The discovery of pesticides in Antarctica, where they have never
been used, suggests the extent to which aerial transport can carry pollutants from one place to
another. Probably the most important natural source of air pollution is volcanic activity, which at
times pours great amounts of ash and toxic fumes into the atmosphere. The eruptions of such
volcanoes as Krakatoa in Indonesia, Mt. St. Helens in Washington, USA and Katmai in Alaska, USA,
have been related to measurable climatic changes.
Listed below are the major air pollutants and their sources.
Carbon monoxide (CO)is a colourless, odourless gas that is produced by the incomplete burning of
carbon-based fuels including petrol, diesel, and wood. It is also produced from the combustion of
natural and synthetic products such as cigarettes. It lowers the amount of oxygen that enters our
blood . It can slow our reflexes and make us confused and sleepy.
Carbon dioxide (CO2)is the principle greenhouse gas emitted as a result of human activities such as
the burning of coal, oil, and natural gases.
Chloroflorocarbons (CFC) are gases that are released mainly from air-conditioning systems and
refrigeration. When released into the air, CFCs rise to the stratosphere, where they come in contact
with few other gases, which leads to a reduction of the ozone layer that protects the earth from the
harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun.
Leadis present in petrol, diesel, lead batteries, paints, hair dye products, etc. Lead affects
children in particular. It can cause nervous system damage and digestive problems and, in some
cases, cause cancer.
Ozone occur naturally in the upper layers of the atmosphere. This important gas shields the earth
from the harmful ultraviolet rays of the sun. However, at the ground level, it is a pollutant with
highly toxic effects. Vehicles and industries are the major source of ground-level ozone emissions.
Ozone makes our eyes itch, burn, and water. It lowers our resistance to colds and pneumonia.
Nitrogen oxide (Nox) causes smog and acid rain. It is produced from burning fuels including petrol,
diesel, and coal. Nitrogen oxides can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in winters.
Suspended particulate matter (SPM) consists of solids in the air in the form of smoke, dust, and
vapour that can remain suspended for extended periods and is also the main source of haze which
reduces visibility. The finer of these particles, when breathed in can lodge in our lungs and cause
lung damage and respiratory problems.
Sulphur dioxide (SO2) is a gas produced from burning coal, mainly in thermal power plants. Some
industrial processes, such as production of paper and smelting of metals, produce sulphur dioxide.
It is a major contributor to smog and acid rain. Sulfur dioxide can lead to lung diseases.
Health impact of specific air pollutants
Some of these gases can seriously and adversely affect the health of the population and should be
given due attention by the concerned authority. The gases mentioned below are mainly outdoor air
pollutants but some of them can and do occur indoor depending on the source and the circumstances.
Tobacco smoke. Tobacco smoke generates a wide range of harmful chemicals and is a major cause of
ill health, as it is known to cause cancer, not only to the smoker but affecting passive smokers
too. It is well-known that smoking affects the passive smoker (the person who is in the vicinity of
a smoker and is not himself/herself a smoker) ranging from burning sensation in the eyes or nose,
and throat irritation, to cancer, bronchitis, severe asthma, and a decrease in lung function.
Biological pollutants. These are mostly allergens that can cause asthma, hay fever, and other
allergic diseases.
Volatile organic compounds. Volatile compounds can cause irritation of the eye, nose and throat. In
severe cases there may be headaches, nausea, and loss of coordination. In the longer run, some of
them are suspected to cause damage to the liver and other parts of the body.
Formaldehyde. Exposure causes irritation to the eyes, nose and may cause allergies in some people.
Lead. Prolonged exposure can cause damage to the nervous system, digestive problems, and in some
cases cause cancer. It is especially hazardous to small children.
Radon. A radioactive gas that can accumulate inside the house, it originates from the rocks and
soil under the house and its level is dominated by the outdoor air and also to some extent the other
gases being emitted indoors. Exposure to this gas increases the risk of lung cancer.
Ozone. Exposure to this gas makes our eyes itch, burn, and water and it has also been associated
with increase in respiratory disorders such as asthma. It lowers our resistance to colds and
pneumonia.
Oxides of nitrogen. This gas can make children susceptible to respiratory diseases in the winters.
Carbon monoxide. CO (carbon monoxide) combines with haemoglobin to lessen the amount of oxygen that
enters our blood through our lungs. The binding with other haeme proteins causes changes in the
function of the affected organs such as the brain and the cardiovascular system, and also the
developing foetus. It can impair our concentration, slow our reflexes, and make us confused and
sleepy.
Sulphur dioxide. SO2 (sulphur dioxide) in the air is caused due to the rise in combustion of fossil
fuels. It can oxidize and form sulphuric acid mist. SO2 in the air leads to diseases of the lung and
other lung disorders such as wheezing and shortness of breath. Long-term effects are more difficult
to ascertain as SO2 exposure is often combined with that of SPM.
SPM (suspended particulate matter). Suspended matter consists of dust, fumes, mist and smoke. The
main chemical component of SPM that is of major concern is lead, others being nickel, arsenic, and
those present in diesel exhaust. These particles when breathed in, lodge in our lung tissues and
cause lung damage and respiratory problems. The importance of SPM as a major pollutant needs special
emphasis as a) it affects more people globally than any other pollutant on a continuing basis; b)
there is more monitoring data available on this than any other pollutant; and c) more
epidemiological evidence has been collected on the exposure to this than to any other pollutant.
What you can do to reduce air pollution
Encourage your family to walk to the neighbourhood market.
Whenever possible take your bicycle
As far as possible use public forms of transport.
DonÂt let your father drop you to school, take the school bus.
Encourage your family to form a car pool to office and back
Reduce the use of aerosols in the household.
Look after the trees in your neighbourhood.
Begin a tree-watch group to ensure that they are well tended and cared for.
Switch-off all the lights and fans when not required.
If possible share your room with others when the airconditioner, cooler or fan is on.
Do not burn leaves in your garden, put them in a compost pit.
Make sure that the pollution check for your family car is done at regular intervals
Cars should, as far as possible, be fitted with catalytic converters.
Use only unleaded petrol.
http://edugreen.teri.res.in/explore/air/air.htm
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| āđāļāļĒ : ApolloXL [ 09/01/2007, 17:19:02 ] |
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āđāļāļāļāļĩāļāļĢāļąāļ āđāļāļŠāļāļīāļāļāļąāļ |
| āđāļāļĒ : ApolloXL [ 09/01/2007, 17:20:06 ] |
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āļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļāļāđāļāđāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļĨāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļāđāļāļīāđāļĄāđāļāļīāļĄ āļāļāļāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄāļ§āļąāļāđāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļāļĩāđāđāļŦāđāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļĢāļąāļ
āļāļĢāđāļāļĄāļāļąāļāļāļĩāđ
āļāļāđāļāļīāļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāđāļāđāļāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĢāļāļīāđāļāļāļīāļāļĩāļĄāļāļāđāļĨāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĢāļāļīāļāļļāļāđāļŦāđāļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļāļĨāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļāđāļāļĢāļāļĩāđāđāļāđāļŠāļĢāđāļēāļāļāļļāļāļđāļāļāļēāļĢāđāļŦāđāļāļąāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊ
āđāļāļĢāļāļāļŠāļāļāļāļĩāļāļĩāđāļāđāļēāļāļĄāļēāļāđāļ§āļĒāļāļĢāļąāļ
āļ§āļąāļāđāļŠāļēāļĢāđāļāļĩāđ 20 āļĄāļāļĢāļēāļāļĄ 2550 āđāļ§āļĨāļē 09.30 Â 12.00 āļ.
āļ āļāļēāļāļēāļĢāļāļĨāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđāđāļŦāđāļāļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ āļŦāđāļāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄ 1109 āļāļąāđāļ 11
āļŦāļĄāļēāļĒāļāļģāļŦāļāļāļāļēāļĢ
09.30 -10.00 āļ. āļĨāļāļāļ°āđāļāļĩāļĒāļ
10.00 -10.30 āļ. āđāļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄ
āļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļāļļāļāļāļąāļāļāļļāļāļąāļāđāļāļĨāļāļāļĨāļāļēāļ (āļĢāļ°āļŦāļ§āđāļēāļāļŠ.āļ.48 Â āļ.āļ.49)
āļāļĢāđāļāļĄāđāļāđāļāđāļŦāđāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļēāļāļāļķāļāļāļēāļĢāļĨāļēāļāļāļāļāļāļāļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊ
10.30 -11.00 āļ. āļāļēāļĢāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļāļļāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ
- āđāļĨāļāļēāļŊ āđāļŠāļāļāļĢāļēāļĒāļāļ·āđāļāļāļđāđāļŠāļĄāļąāļāļĢāđāļŦāđāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļīāļāļĨāļāļāļ°āđāļāļāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļąāđāļāļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļāļļāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ
- āļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļīāļŦāļēāļĢāļāļļāļāđāļŦāļĄāđāđāļĨāļ·āļāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊ
11.00 -11.30 āļ. āļāļīāļāļĩāļĢāļąāļāļĄāļāļāļāļģāđāļŦāļāđāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ
- āļāļļāļāļ§āļīāđāļāļ āļāļąāļāļāļīāļ§āļēāļāļīāļāļāļĢāļ°āļāļąāļāļāļĢāļēāļāļĢāļ°āļāļģāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāđāļŦāđāļāļąāļāļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļāļāđāļŦāļĄāđ
- āļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļāļāđāļŦāļĄāđāļāļĨāđāļēāļ§āļāļāļāļāļļāļ āļāļĢāđāļāļĄāđāļŠāļāļāļ§āļīāļŠāļąāļĒāļāļąāļĻāļāđ
11.30 -11.45 āļ. āļāļīāļāļĩāļĄāļāļāđāļĨāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĢāļāļīāļāļļāļāđāļāļĒāļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊ
- āļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļĄāļāļāđāļĨāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĢāļāļīāļāļļāļāđāļŦāđāļāļąāļ āļāļļāļāļ§āļīāđāļāļ āļāļąāļāļāļīāļ§āļēāļāļīāļ
- āļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļĄāļāļāđāļĨāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĢāļāļīāļāļļāļāđāļŦāđāļāļąāļ āļāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ āļĻāļđāļāļĒāđāļĢāļąāļāļāļēāļāļŦāļĨāļąāļāļāļĢāļąāļāļĒāđ (āļāļĢāļ°āđāļāļĻāđāļāļĒ) āļāļģāļāļąāļ
- āļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļĄāļāļāđāļĨāđāļāļĢāļ°āļāļēāļĻāđāļāļĩāļĒāļĢāļāļīāļāļļāļāđāļŦāđāļāļąāļ āļāļĢāļīāļĐāļąāļ āđāļāļĒāđāļāļāđāļ§āļāđāļĢāļ āļāļģāļāļąāļ (āļĄāļŦāļēāļāļ)
11.45 -12.00 āļ. āļāļīāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄ
- āļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāđāļĨāļ°āļāļāļ°āļāļĢāļĢāļĄāļāļēāļĢāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļāļāļķāļāļ āļēāļāļĢāđāļ§āļĄāļāļąāļ
- āļāļēāļĒāļāļŠāļĄāļēāļāļĄāļŊāđāļāļīāļāđāļāļāļēāļŠāđāļŦāđāļŠāļąāļĄāļ āļēāļĐāļāđāđāļāđāļŠāļ·āđāļāļĄāļ§āļĨāļāļ
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| āđāļāļĒ : FunMate [ 15/01/2007, 15:55:06 ] |
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7
āļāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāđāļāļāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄ
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| āđāļāļĒ : āļāļļāļāļŠāļąāļāļāđ [ 03/04/2007, 09:37:38 ] |
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8
āļāļĢāļĢāļĒāļēāļāļēāļĻāļāļēāļĢāļāļĢāļ°āļāļļāļĄ
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| āđāļāļĒ : āļāļļāļāļŠāļąāļāļāđ [ 03/04/2007, 10:00:37 ] |
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[ 19/01/2007, 23:21:51 ]